I wrote on 3 April about executive greed at the not-for-profit retirement fund TIAA-CREF. Roger Ferguson, the CEO at TIAA-CREF for the past year, takes $11,200,000 of retired teachers' savings as his annual pay. This amount includes $5,000,000 (from his first year on the job) as "performance compensation." I complained to Mr. Ferguson that his greed was offensive and thoroughly immoral.
TIAA-CREF has a new motto, by the way: "Financial Services for the Greater Good."
Today I received an answer to my letter from Dan Lindner, the Senior Customer Resolution Manager. (I am the customer to be "resolved," I assume.)
Mr. Lindner doesn't apologise for Roger Ferguson's greed. Rather, he tells me that "IN LIGHT OF OVERALL MARKET CONDITIONS, MR. FERGUSON HAS VOLUNTARILY AGREED TO FOREGO 25 PERCENT OF THE PERFORMANCE COMPENSATION TO WHICH HE IS ENTITLED IN HIS EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT FOR 2008." That's 25 percent of $5,000,000, which leaves him--poor man!--with only $3,750,000 of his "performance compensation," and another $6,2000,000 untouched to go along with that. I am supposed to be impressed, I think, with Mr. Ferguson's generosity.
I am not impressed with his generosity. Rather, I am disgusted at his greed. He is still taking nearly $10,000,000 this year of retired teachers' savings. Most of the retired teachers who have invested in TIAA-CREF earned no more that the $1,250,000 which Mr. Ferguson has "agreed to forego" in their entire working lives! Even if he gave back all of his "performance compensation," that wouldn't be enough. He is a greedy bastard, an offensive and thoroughly immoral man.
Greedy people like Roger Ferguson make it all the more obvious that the world's wealth needs to be redistributed by force of law. Greedy people aren't generous; we can't depend on them to be socially responsible or decent.
My letter from Mr. Lindner advises that his communication with me "is protected by law," and that "any disclosure, copying, or distribution of this message, or the taking of any action based on it, is strictly prohibited."
woensdag 22 april 2009
vrijdag 17 april 2009
GRADUAL JUSTICE, PART 8
America, as a nation, has never understood the idea of right and wrong. "All men are created equal" didn't mean what it said. "All men" didn't include black people, or women; it meant "all white men." After the Civil War, when slavery was abolished, that didn't free black people. And when women were given a constitutional right to vote, that didn't make them equal citizens along with white men.
"Oh, it takes time."
How many generations of black people were told that? How many generations of women?
And homosexuals.
A nation in which the comfort of the citizens in power can override the rights of those without power is a tyranny, not a free country, not a just or honorable state.
The U. S. military's discrimination against gays and lesbians will continue--despite the president's acknowledgement that it is discrimination, and thus unlawful. Secretary Gates tells us that "it will take time."
We could also say that to serial killers, I suppose, and to bank robbers: "Slow down. Don't kill so many people next time. Don't steal so much money next time."
We mock the idea of justice every chance we get.
"Oh, it takes time."
How many generations of black people were told that? How many generations of women?
And homosexuals.
A nation in which the comfort of the citizens in power can override the rights of those without power is a tyranny, not a free country, not a just or honorable state.
The U. S. military's discrimination against gays and lesbians will continue--despite the president's acknowledgement that it is discrimination, and thus unlawful. Secretary Gates tells us that "it will take time."
We could also say that to serial killers, I suppose, and to bank robbers: "Slow down. Don't kill so many people next time. Don't steal so much money next time."
We mock the idea of justice every chance we get.
donderdag 16 april 2009
PIRATES
The U.S. has captured a Somali pirate, and will bring him to trial in a federal court in Manhattan.
This news comes the day after the Obama announcement that members of the CIA who engaged in piracy--who stole people, not just property, cannot be tried for their crimes, because a president of the U.S. authorised those crimes.
So U.S. governmental piracy--stealing humans, kidnapping--is legal, but private stealing of U.S. material possessions by unauthorised Somalis is not.
I don't want piracy to be ignored, but I want HIGHER crimes--much more serious crimes--to be taken as seriously, and prosecuted.
Until I get a chance to feel sorry for George W. Bush and his thugs, under indictment, I will feel sorry for Abdul Wal-i-Musi, facing U.S. justice.
This news comes the day after the Obama announcement that members of the CIA who engaged in piracy--who stole people, not just property, cannot be tried for their crimes, because a president of the U.S. authorised those crimes.
So U.S. governmental piracy--stealing humans, kidnapping--is legal, but private stealing of U.S. material possessions by unauthorised Somalis is not.
I don't want piracy to be ignored, but I want HIGHER crimes--much more serious crimes--to be taken as seriously, and prosecuted.
Until I get a chance to feel sorry for George W. Bush and his thugs, under indictment, I will feel sorry for Abdul Wal-i-Musi, facing U.S. justice.
DOES THE U.S. HAVE THE RIGHT TO EXCUSE TORTURE?
President Obama has decided that because an American president authorised torture, no crime was committed by the torturers--and the president who authorised torture is free as well.
I don't think the world accepted such logic at Nuremburg, nor would the World Court at the Hague accept such today. When the guilty get to excuse the guilty, then there is no law.
Does President Obama expect the world to honor his absurd edict? Does he expect the world to excuse and forget torture because a criminal U. S. President authorised it? Does he expect the civilised world to respect such ruthless, selfish, arrogant proclamations?
"We have more nuclear weapons than anybody else, and we aren't afraid to use them to defend our criminals." Is that Obama's idea? Is that going to be his policy? Does he expect anybody in the world to respect this country of his?
No doubt he does. And unless enough Americans have the courage to denounce such arrogant stupidity, he will get continue to mock justice with this stupid policy. But the rest of the world will hate--as well as fear--the hypocrites whom Obama leads. And when they try to set foot anywhere in the civilised world, they will get arrested by the honest people who believe in and are brave enought to defend justice.
Stand up, Americans! Don't be cowards, like Obama. Don't let this happen! Insist on justice. Start at the top--with the president who authorised torture. No president--no leader of any country, no human being--has the right to "authorise" torture. Everybody but Obama knows that.
Obama is absurd. And he makes all of us who keep quiet absurd with him. And guilty with him. Guilty of obstruction of justice. And that makes us as guilty of torture as the original criminals are. And we, too, can be arrested--all of us--if we step outside this blighted, benighted country.
I don't think the world accepted such logic at Nuremburg, nor would the World Court at the Hague accept such today. When the guilty get to excuse the guilty, then there is no law.
Does President Obama expect the world to honor his absurd edict? Does he expect the world to excuse and forget torture because a criminal U. S. President authorised it? Does he expect the civilised world to respect such ruthless, selfish, arrogant proclamations?
"We have more nuclear weapons than anybody else, and we aren't afraid to use them to defend our criminals." Is that Obama's idea? Is that going to be his policy? Does he expect anybody in the world to respect this country of his?
No doubt he does. And unless enough Americans have the courage to denounce such arrogant stupidity, he will get continue to mock justice with this stupid policy. But the rest of the world will hate--as well as fear--the hypocrites whom Obama leads. And when they try to set foot anywhere in the civilised world, they will get arrested by the honest people who believe in and are brave enought to defend justice.
Stand up, Americans! Don't be cowards, like Obama. Don't let this happen! Insist on justice. Start at the top--with the president who authorised torture. No president--no leader of any country, no human being--has the right to "authorise" torture. Everybody but Obama knows that.
Obama is absurd. And he makes all of us who keep quiet absurd with him. And guilty with him. Guilty of obstruction of justice. And that makes us as guilty of torture as the original criminals are. And we, too, can be arrested--all of us--if we step outside this blighted, benighted country.
woensdag 15 april 2009
HYPOCRISY
The Roman Catholic pope doesn't want Caroline Kennedy as the United States Ambassador to the Vatican. And he doesn't want the University of Notre Dame to let President Obama speak at the university. The reason? Both Kennedy and Obama are opposed to criminalising abortion, and are supporters of stem-cell medical research.
Jesus, of course, never said anything about abortion or stem-cell medical research. He did say a lot about hypocrisy, however. He condemned hypocrites and hypocrisy five hundred times for every time he mentioned all other evils put together.
It seems strange that the pope doesn't want Caroline Kennedy in Rome, and doesn't want Barack Obama at Notre Dame; after all, he invited the conservative English bishop Williamson back into Rome, though Williamson insisted that the Nazi holocaust didn't happen--and holocaust denial is a serious crime in the pope's native Germany. And though the pope doesn't want Kennedy in Rome, or Obama speaking at Notre Dame, he has Bernard Cardinal Law in Rome, in charge of the basilica of Sta. Maria Maggiore, a major church whose pastor serves directly under the pope, and reports only to the pope.
Pope Benedict's predecessor installed Cardinal Law at Sta. Maria Maggiore to get him out of Boston, where he was an indictable co-conspiritor and accessory after the fact in a number of child abuse cases against priests in his diocese. These priests were long-time molestors of little boys. For years, Cardinal Law had moved known pederasts from Catholic parish to Catholic parish, and from Catholic school to Catholic school, as their crimes had been uncovered. And when the scandal broke, ten years ago, Cardinal Law blocked or tried to block the prosecution of his priests for their serious and repeated sexual crimes against little boys.
So Cardinal Law was whisked away to Rome. He is safe there.
Of course the Roman Catholic Church hates homosexuality--except among the clergy.
"Oh, ye HYPOCRITES," Jesus would have said.
The Catholic Church has a long history of priests and bishops abusing little boys--and not just by seducing and raping them. Every time one listens to beautiful old Church music, one should remember that the soprano parts were all written for little boys--and castrati: men who were castrated (for the glory of god) as pre-pubescent boys, so they wouldn't lose their beautiful soprano voices. The Catholic Church didn't allow women in its choirs--and if you watched any of the Easter celebrations on television this year, you would have noticed that the Vatican choirs are still all male. But presumably there are no castrati among them.
And Easter: who among the Roman Catholic heirarchy remembers that Jesus was born in a stable, not in a palace? Do they remember Jesus saying how hard it will be for rich men to enter heaven, or his telling a would-be follower "give up all you have if you would follow me." Did Jesus wear gold shoes, as the pope does? Did Jesus sit on a gold throne, as the pope does, with people bowing to him, while he blesses the poor? Is ostentatious wealth Christian?
"Oh, ye HYPOCRITES!" Jesus would have said.
Jesus, of course, never said anything about abortion or stem-cell medical research. He did say a lot about hypocrisy, however. He condemned hypocrites and hypocrisy five hundred times for every time he mentioned all other evils put together.
It seems strange that the pope doesn't want Caroline Kennedy in Rome, and doesn't want Barack Obama at Notre Dame; after all, he invited the conservative English bishop Williamson back into Rome, though Williamson insisted that the Nazi holocaust didn't happen--and holocaust denial is a serious crime in the pope's native Germany. And though the pope doesn't want Kennedy in Rome, or Obama speaking at Notre Dame, he has Bernard Cardinal Law in Rome, in charge of the basilica of Sta. Maria Maggiore, a major church whose pastor serves directly under the pope, and reports only to the pope.
Pope Benedict's predecessor installed Cardinal Law at Sta. Maria Maggiore to get him out of Boston, where he was an indictable co-conspiritor and accessory after the fact in a number of child abuse cases against priests in his diocese. These priests were long-time molestors of little boys. For years, Cardinal Law had moved known pederasts from Catholic parish to Catholic parish, and from Catholic school to Catholic school, as their crimes had been uncovered. And when the scandal broke, ten years ago, Cardinal Law blocked or tried to block the prosecution of his priests for their serious and repeated sexual crimes against little boys.
So Cardinal Law was whisked away to Rome. He is safe there.
Of course the Roman Catholic Church hates homosexuality--except among the clergy.
"Oh, ye HYPOCRITES," Jesus would have said.
The Catholic Church has a long history of priests and bishops abusing little boys--and not just by seducing and raping them. Every time one listens to beautiful old Church music, one should remember that the soprano parts were all written for little boys--and castrati: men who were castrated (for the glory of god) as pre-pubescent boys, so they wouldn't lose their beautiful soprano voices. The Catholic Church didn't allow women in its choirs--and if you watched any of the Easter celebrations on television this year, you would have noticed that the Vatican choirs are still all male. But presumably there are no castrati among them.
And Easter: who among the Roman Catholic heirarchy remembers that Jesus was born in a stable, not in a palace? Do they remember Jesus saying how hard it will be for rich men to enter heaven, or his telling a would-be follower "give up all you have if you would follow me." Did Jesus wear gold shoes, as the pope does? Did Jesus sit on a gold throne, as the pope does, with people bowing to him, while he blesses the poor? Is ostentatious wealth Christian?
"Oh, ye HYPOCRITES!" Jesus would have said.
zaterdag 11 april 2009
WATCH WITH ME
WATCH WITH ME
Hamlet is hard to read. I’m not sure why that is so, but it must be: otherwise, why would it have been read and played as a revenge “tragedy” for four hundred years?
Let’s start with revenge—which will let me introduce the parallel I want to draw with Hamlet, from Christian literature. This is not to say that I want to consider Hamlet as a Christian play; the tradition to which both the story of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemani and Hamlet belong antecedes Christianity by hundreds of years.
Revenge is called “an eye for an eye”—or, in modern slang, “getting even.” We pretend that to hit somebody back for hitting you makes up for the hurt, or that killing party A because party A has killed my friend party B will make the death of party B any less terrible. As Socrates argued, it is worse to do evil than to have evil done to you.
I learned about revenge, accidentally, when I was four years old. My father used to bring home stacks of used mimeograph paper from his office; I could use the blank sides to draw on. One afternoon I somehow got my little hands on a pair of scissors. I figured out—made up as a formula or a moral law—that if I cut a piece of paper in one direction, and then cut it again, at a ninety degree angle (I had no idea that than perpendicular was ninety degrees of course) the second cut would heal the first one. I tried out my idea, and a corner of the piece of paper fell off. So I tried again: whack, then a second whack at a right angle across the first. The corner fell out again.
But my logic was sound—or so I thought. I kept repeating the experiment, and getting more and more frustrated. Finally I had a tantrum, and attracted my mother’s attention. She came in and took the scissors away from me.
I had learned that revenge doesn’t work.
We pretend that revenge makes up for something bad. But it doesn’t. Rather, it produces a second bad something. Stupidly, revenge brings more evil into the world.
But we want Hamlet to be a revenge play. Revenge plays are simple: the first domino knocks down the second domino and the second knocks down the third. Etc. Shakespeare’s contemporaries wrote dozens of such plays. If Shakespeare had wanted to write one, he could probably have done so in two or three days. But he didn’t want to write a revenge play; he wanted to write a tragedy.
“Tragedy”—despite what journalists and literary critics say—is not something bad happening. If a man killed at a railroad crossing happens to be the hard-working father of ten children his death is not necessarily a tragedy. His being the father of all those children may make his death more pathetic, but it doesn’t make his death tragic. If five hundred people are killed in an explosion, that there were five hundred of them—or that they were all children, or pregnant women, or priests—doesn’t make the accident a tragedy. It’s simply sad. And we should respond with sympathy.
The ancient Greeks invented what we call tragedy, though there were tragedies in human history preceding the Greeks. Our mythologies contain many tragic stories; the Greeks, however, made up the word, and used it to dsescribe certain kinds of plays. Curiously, the Greek word TRAGODIA means “goat song.” It has been suggested that the name comes from the prize given to the winning tragedian at the Dionysian festival each spring in Athens—but there is no evidence to support this, or for that matter any other theory about where the word comes from.
So let me suggest another origin, propose another theory.
Goats are not the most musical of animals. So it’s odd that something as serious and culturally or morally important as a TRAGODIA was called a “goat song” by the Greeks. In the zodiac, the goat is Capricorn: and his time is the beginning of the year. The twenty-second of December—the winter solstice—is the first day of Capricorn. It is also, of course, New Year’s day and Christmas day, except that we didn’t get the calendar right. The winter solstice is also integral to Hannukah, the “festival of light.”
The shortest day of the year is the day that requires the most faith: the most faith that the world will be reborn. And that faith is rewarded on the twenty-third of December, when the future is born, the earth rejuvenated, life renewed. But that rebirth requires the death of the old year.
Tragedy occurs at the bottom: when only hope can save us, when we give up what is, in order to learn and to have what will be. Tragedy is not despair: despair is the failure of hope, DE+SPERO. Faced with chaos or extinction, we can only save ourselves through hope: for Shelley, we must “hope till Hope creates/From its own wreck the thing it contemplates.” William Butler Yeats defines tragedy as “Heaven blazing into the head": it is the understanding that will save us.
Tragedy is what we find at the end of Oedipus the King. Oedipus understands what he has done, and accepts responsibility, not for murdering his father and marrying his mother, but for his ignorance: the ignorance that let him do so. And it is this that makes him, for Sophocles, a great hero. Oedipus was a good king; he cared for his Thebes more than he cared for himself. He was not selfish, like Teiresias. In the end, when he exiles himself from Thebes to save his people and his land, he is a great king, a tragic hero.
I want to argue that Hamlet is a tragedy, the most seriously such of any of Shakesperare’s plays. But I want to argue something else as well: I want to argue that Hamlet is very much like the scene in the Christian gospels which takes place in the garden at Gethsemani on the evening before Jesus’s trial and death.
Let me begin with Gethsemani. Jesus goes there after his Last Supper. He takes some of his apostles with him. “Watch with me,” he asks them. They fall asleep. He asks again, “Can you not watch with me?” And they fall asleep. When the soldiers come to take him, Peter draws his sword and cuts off a soldier’s ear. Jesus admonishes him: put away the sword. “He who lives by the sword will die by the sword,” he tells Peter. Revenge accomplishes nothing.
Those who were with him at Gethsemani weren’t very attentive to Jesus. He was lucky, however, to have four gospellers who were true to him, and who understood what he taught. They recorded his condemnation of revenge, and violence in general. They recorded his kindness and his love. And according to their gospels, for every time he condemned any vice, he condemned hypocrisy fifty times. But look what that got him: “Onward Christian Soldiers,” crusades, and a grossly hypocritical church.
Hamlet’s chosen gospeller is Horatio. “Watch with me,” Hamlet might have said. But Horatio isn’t a good watcher, and his understanding of the world—his “philosophy”—is very limited. As Hamlet dies, lamenting his “wounded name,” he commissions Horatio: “tell my story.” And almost immediately, Horatio does: “. . . let me speak to the yet unknowing world / How these things came about.” He tells Fortinbras,
you shall hear
Of carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts
Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters,
Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause,
And, in this upshot, purposes mistook
Fall'n on the inventors' heads: all this can I
Truly deliver.
A recital of "carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts" and "casual slaughters"is not the “story” Hamlet wanted from Horatio. Hamlet’s “wounded name” will not be saved by what Horatio will tell—or by the scholars, actors, and directors who read Hamlet as a revenge play, a revenge “tragedy.”
When Hamlet realises what has happened—that both Claudius and Laertes have plotted to murder him, and that by accident he has now killed Laertes with the poison intended for himself—Hamlet, who had abhorred the idea of revenge throughout the play, now understands that he is free. Laertes has killed himself, as with a boomerang, and now Claudius will do so as well. Hamlet “stabs King Claudius,” then gives him the poisoned cup to drink.
If we see Hamlet charge madly at Claudius with his sword, we may think “revenge.” But Hamlet—wounded, dying—knows he doesn’t need to kill Claudius with the sword; all he has to do is touch him, scratch him, make him bleed. The tip is murderously poisoned—but not by Hamlet.
Claudius seems not aware that Hamlet has the poisoned foil, and Hamlet’s “stab” has not been itself a murderous, mortal wound. After Hamlet stabs Claudius, the king says, “O, yet defend me, friends; I am but hurt.” Then Hamlet gives him the poisoned cup: and doubly, then, Claudius kills himself:
Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane,
Drink off this potion.
Hamlet asked Horatio to “tell [his] story,” to “report [him] and [his] cause aright.” Horatio fails Hamlet. He will “speak to the yet unknowing world / How these things came about,” but what he plans to say—what he can “truly deliver”—is not about Hamlet’s heroism, not about his tragic understanding and his accomplishment. It is up to us, then, taking the play home with us, to understand Hamlet’s story, and when we talk about it—or put it on stage—to “report [him] and [his] cause aright”: not as the enactment of revenge, but as an accomplishment of justice.
If we can learn to be so responsible in reading Hamlet, perhaps someday we will learn to read Jesus’s story as well: as a gospel of love, not violence, a gospel of truth and honor, not hypocrisy.
Bert Hornback
Easter 2009
Hamlet is hard to read. I’m not sure why that is so, but it must be: otherwise, why would it have been read and played as a revenge “tragedy” for four hundred years?
Let’s start with revenge—which will let me introduce the parallel I want to draw with Hamlet, from Christian literature. This is not to say that I want to consider Hamlet as a Christian play; the tradition to which both the story of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemani and Hamlet belong antecedes Christianity by hundreds of years.
Revenge is called “an eye for an eye”—or, in modern slang, “getting even.” We pretend that to hit somebody back for hitting you makes up for the hurt, or that killing party A because party A has killed my friend party B will make the death of party B any less terrible. As Socrates argued, it is worse to do evil than to have evil done to you.
I learned about revenge, accidentally, when I was four years old. My father used to bring home stacks of used mimeograph paper from his office; I could use the blank sides to draw on. One afternoon I somehow got my little hands on a pair of scissors. I figured out—made up as a formula or a moral law—that if I cut a piece of paper in one direction, and then cut it again, at a ninety degree angle (I had no idea that than perpendicular was ninety degrees of course) the second cut would heal the first one. I tried out my idea, and a corner of the piece of paper fell off. So I tried again: whack, then a second whack at a right angle across the first. The corner fell out again.
But my logic was sound—or so I thought. I kept repeating the experiment, and getting more and more frustrated. Finally I had a tantrum, and attracted my mother’s attention. She came in and took the scissors away from me.
I had learned that revenge doesn’t work.
We pretend that revenge makes up for something bad. But it doesn’t. Rather, it produces a second bad something. Stupidly, revenge brings more evil into the world.
But we want Hamlet to be a revenge play. Revenge plays are simple: the first domino knocks down the second domino and the second knocks down the third. Etc. Shakespeare’s contemporaries wrote dozens of such plays. If Shakespeare had wanted to write one, he could probably have done so in two or three days. But he didn’t want to write a revenge play; he wanted to write a tragedy.
“Tragedy”—despite what journalists and literary critics say—is not something bad happening. If a man killed at a railroad crossing happens to be the hard-working father of ten children his death is not necessarily a tragedy. His being the father of all those children may make his death more pathetic, but it doesn’t make his death tragic. If five hundred people are killed in an explosion, that there were five hundred of them—or that they were all children, or pregnant women, or priests—doesn’t make the accident a tragedy. It’s simply sad. And we should respond with sympathy.
The ancient Greeks invented what we call tragedy, though there were tragedies in human history preceding the Greeks. Our mythologies contain many tragic stories; the Greeks, however, made up the word, and used it to dsescribe certain kinds of plays. Curiously, the Greek word TRAGODIA means “goat song.” It has been suggested that the name comes from the prize given to the winning tragedian at the Dionysian festival each spring in Athens—but there is no evidence to support this, or for that matter any other theory about where the word comes from.
So let me suggest another origin, propose another theory.
Goats are not the most musical of animals. So it’s odd that something as serious and culturally or morally important as a TRAGODIA was called a “goat song” by the Greeks. In the zodiac, the goat is Capricorn: and his time is the beginning of the year. The twenty-second of December—the winter solstice—is the first day of Capricorn. It is also, of course, New Year’s day and Christmas day, except that we didn’t get the calendar right. The winter solstice is also integral to Hannukah, the “festival of light.”
The shortest day of the year is the day that requires the most faith: the most faith that the world will be reborn. And that faith is rewarded on the twenty-third of December, when the future is born, the earth rejuvenated, life renewed. But that rebirth requires the death of the old year.
Tragedy occurs at the bottom: when only hope can save us, when we give up what is, in order to learn and to have what will be. Tragedy is not despair: despair is the failure of hope, DE+SPERO. Faced with chaos or extinction, we can only save ourselves through hope: for Shelley, we must “hope till Hope creates/From its own wreck the thing it contemplates.” William Butler Yeats defines tragedy as “Heaven blazing into the head": it is the understanding that will save us.
Tragedy is what we find at the end of Oedipus the King. Oedipus understands what he has done, and accepts responsibility, not for murdering his father and marrying his mother, but for his ignorance: the ignorance that let him do so. And it is this that makes him, for Sophocles, a great hero. Oedipus was a good king; he cared for his Thebes more than he cared for himself. He was not selfish, like Teiresias. In the end, when he exiles himself from Thebes to save his people and his land, he is a great king, a tragic hero.
I want to argue that Hamlet is a tragedy, the most seriously such of any of Shakesperare’s plays. But I want to argue something else as well: I want to argue that Hamlet is very much like the scene in the Christian gospels which takes place in the garden at Gethsemani on the evening before Jesus’s trial and death.
Let me begin with Gethsemani. Jesus goes there after his Last Supper. He takes some of his apostles with him. “Watch with me,” he asks them. They fall asleep. He asks again, “Can you not watch with me?” And they fall asleep. When the soldiers come to take him, Peter draws his sword and cuts off a soldier’s ear. Jesus admonishes him: put away the sword. “He who lives by the sword will die by the sword,” he tells Peter. Revenge accomplishes nothing.
Those who were with him at Gethsemani weren’t very attentive to Jesus. He was lucky, however, to have four gospellers who were true to him, and who understood what he taught. They recorded his condemnation of revenge, and violence in general. They recorded his kindness and his love. And according to their gospels, for every time he condemned any vice, he condemned hypocrisy fifty times. But look what that got him: “Onward Christian Soldiers,” crusades, and a grossly hypocritical church.
Hamlet’s chosen gospeller is Horatio. “Watch with me,” Hamlet might have said. But Horatio isn’t a good watcher, and his understanding of the world—his “philosophy”—is very limited. As Hamlet dies, lamenting his “wounded name,” he commissions Horatio: “tell my story.” And almost immediately, Horatio does: “. . . let me speak to the yet unknowing world / How these things came about.” He tells Fortinbras,
you shall hear
Of carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts
Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters,
Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause,
And, in this upshot, purposes mistook
Fall'n on the inventors' heads: all this can I
Truly deliver.
A recital of "carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts" and "casual slaughters"is not the “story” Hamlet wanted from Horatio. Hamlet’s “wounded name” will not be saved by what Horatio will tell—or by the scholars, actors, and directors who read Hamlet as a revenge play, a revenge “tragedy.”
When Hamlet realises what has happened—that both Claudius and Laertes have plotted to murder him, and that by accident he has now killed Laertes with the poison intended for himself—Hamlet, who had abhorred the idea of revenge throughout the play, now understands that he is free. Laertes has killed himself, as with a boomerang, and now Claudius will do so as well. Hamlet “stabs King Claudius,” then gives him the poisoned cup to drink.
If we see Hamlet charge madly at Claudius with his sword, we may think “revenge.” But Hamlet—wounded, dying—knows he doesn’t need to kill Claudius with the sword; all he has to do is touch him, scratch him, make him bleed. The tip is murderously poisoned—but not by Hamlet.
Claudius seems not aware that Hamlet has the poisoned foil, and Hamlet’s “stab” has not been itself a murderous, mortal wound. After Hamlet stabs Claudius, the king says, “O, yet defend me, friends; I am but hurt.” Then Hamlet gives him the poisoned cup: and doubly, then, Claudius kills himself:
Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane,
Drink off this potion.
Hamlet asked Horatio to “tell [his] story,” to “report [him] and [his] cause aright.” Horatio fails Hamlet. He will “speak to the yet unknowing world / How these things came about,” but what he plans to say—what he can “truly deliver”—is not about Hamlet’s heroism, not about his tragic understanding and his accomplishment. It is up to us, then, taking the play home with us, to understand Hamlet’s story, and when we talk about it—or put it on stage—to “report [him] and [his] cause aright”: not as the enactment of revenge, but as an accomplishment of justice.
If we can learn to be so responsible in reading Hamlet, perhaps someday we will learn to read Jesus’s story as well: as a gospel of love, not violence, a gospel of truth and honor, not hypocrisy.
Bert Hornback
Easter 2009
dinsdag 7 april 2009
TORTURE AND THE LEGAL, MORAL OBLIGATION TO INVESTIGATE
Now that even in the United States the news media are talking openly and directly about the Bush administration's torture programs, isn't it time President Obama quits hiding and orders thorough and open investigations of this outrageous, illegal, immoral chapter in United States history? And isn't it soon going to be time to charge everyone involved, from George W. Bush down to the medical personnel who cooperated, with criminal acts of torture?
The Nuremburg War Crimes trials were organised by the winners of World War II. The winners this time must be the free people of the world--including United States citizens. And we must all act to bring the criminals to justice. Not to act is, in legal terms, to be accessories after the fact: and we, then, become guilty of the same offenses the Bush criminals committed.
Everyone in the Bush adnministration who had anything to do with torture, everyone who knew it was going on and kept quiet with that knowledge, should be prosecuted. And if our present president refuses to act, he too is an accessory--and he must also be charged with obstruction of justice. His oath of office must still be fresh in his mouth; he should recall what he said about upholding law and defending our constitution.
The justice system in Peru works; Alberto Fujimori was been convicted and sentenced. Does the United States justice system work, or are we cowards, afraid to bring our criminals to justice, afraid to admit in any official way that the United States has been acting as a rogue state?
The Nuremburg War Crimes trials were organised by the winners of World War II. The winners this time must be the free people of the world--including United States citizens. And we must all act to bring the criminals to justice. Not to act is, in legal terms, to be accessories after the fact: and we, then, become guilty of the same offenses the Bush criminals committed.
Everyone in the Bush adnministration who had anything to do with torture, everyone who knew it was going on and kept quiet with that knowledge, should be prosecuted. And if our present president refuses to act, he too is an accessory--and he must also be charged with obstruction of justice. His oath of office must still be fresh in his mouth; he should recall what he said about upholding law and defending our constitution.
The justice system in Peru works; Alberto Fujimori was been convicted and sentenced. Does the United States justice system work, or are we cowards, afraid to bring our criminals to justice, afraid to admit in any official way that the United States has been acting as a rogue state?
zondag 5 april 2009
SPRING VARIOUSNESSES
If the English had been the first settlers in what is now New York, it wouldn't have been in New York at all. It would have been somewhere up the Atlantic coast, or inland. The English didn't know how to build on a swamp--but the Dutch did. Lower Manhattan must have looked somnething like home to the first Dutch settlers: flat, a bit on the damp or wet side, right at sea level. They knew how to build on such land--had been doing so for quite some time. So they started building on Manhattan.
What are the least energy efficient machines in the world? Beef cattle, of course. Grain-fed cattle consume about 10,000 times as much energy as we get from their meat. Let's quit raising beef cattle, and give the grain to hungry people.
I live these days in a socialist country. And like most socialist countries, Germany shamelessly provides numerous social services to its people. In addition to such evil things as good health care, good schools, serious recycling services, excellent and speedy rail transportation, and clean safe cities, Deutsche Telecom charges me $6 a month for unlimited calls to anywhere in Western Europe, Canada, and the United States. My basic telephone and internet bill is $30 a month--and my long distance calls to North America--even if I talk all day every day--cost me an additional $6 a month. Isn't that terrible? Just think how much profit is not being made!
President Obama's trip to the G-20 in London and the NATO summit in Strasbourg and Baden-Baden was a giant stimulus package for the United States economy. Well, if you believe that what we need to do to get us out of our economic woes is spend as much as we can, that's what the trip was. He arrived in London with 500 aides and cooks and bodyguards. He had five fully-equipped command helicopters--four of them to be flown as decoys every time he used the fifth, and a three-ton armor-plated limousine. Rumors from London said that Washington also flew in a large hotel and two army barracks buildings to house the 500 people.
This morning in Saarbruecken I saw a car with a surprising model name: "Prestige." I didn't see the make, however. I can't believe that a European auto company would name one of its models "Prestige"--but an American-made car could easily be named such, and quite appropriately. America is fond of "prestige," and things that are "prestigious." From the time of the Romans until the 1930s, prestige had to do with "trickery" and "deceit." The Latin root was praestigium. John Stuart Mill wrote that Napoleon's success was all a matter of prestige; W. E. Gladstone, the 19th century British prime minister, referred to "that vile thing called prestige" as the opposite of honor. But then, thanks to the advertising industry mostly, Americans turned prestige into something supposedly good, and everybody wanted prestige. The once-great University of Michigan became a "prestigious" university during the presidency of Harold Shapiro, who loved the word the way he loved money. . . . I wonder if the car called "Prestige" is made by General Motors or maybe Chrysler? Has anybody else seen one?
What are the least energy efficient machines in the world? Beef cattle, of course. Grain-fed cattle consume about 10,000 times as much energy as we get from their meat. Let's quit raising beef cattle, and give the grain to hungry people.
I live these days in a socialist country. And like most socialist countries, Germany shamelessly provides numerous social services to its people. In addition to such evil things as good health care, good schools, serious recycling services, excellent and speedy rail transportation, and clean safe cities, Deutsche Telecom charges me $6 a month for unlimited calls to anywhere in Western Europe, Canada, and the United States. My basic telephone and internet bill is $30 a month--and my long distance calls to North America--even if I talk all day every day--cost me an additional $6 a month. Isn't that terrible? Just think how much profit is not being made!
President Obama's trip to the G-20 in London and the NATO summit in Strasbourg and Baden-Baden was a giant stimulus package for the United States economy. Well, if you believe that what we need to do to get us out of our economic woes is spend as much as we can, that's what the trip was. He arrived in London with 500 aides and cooks and bodyguards. He had five fully-equipped command helicopters--four of them to be flown as decoys every time he used the fifth, and a three-ton armor-plated limousine. Rumors from London said that Washington also flew in a large hotel and two army barracks buildings to house the 500 people.
This morning in Saarbruecken I saw a car with a surprising model name: "Prestige." I didn't see the make, however. I can't believe that a European auto company would name one of its models "Prestige"--but an American-made car could easily be named such, and quite appropriately. America is fond of "prestige," and things that are "prestigious." From the time of the Romans until the 1930s, prestige had to do with "trickery" and "deceit." The Latin root was praestigium. John Stuart Mill wrote that Napoleon's success was all a matter of prestige; W. E. Gladstone, the 19th century British prime minister, referred to "that vile thing called prestige" as the opposite of honor. But then, thanks to the advertising industry mostly, Americans turned prestige into something supposedly good, and everybody wanted prestige. The once-great University of Michigan became a "prestigious" university during the presidency of Harold Shapiro, who loved the word the way he loved money. . . . I wonder if the car called "Prestige" is made by General Motors or maybe Chrysler? Has anybody else seen one?
vrijdag 3 april 2009
WAR WAR WAR WAR
According to President Obama,the rest of the world must take up the burden USers have shouldered for so many years: the burden of spending. With USers less and less able or willing to spend, the world's economy can't grow.
Of course, a very large portion of USer spending does anything but grow the economy in any but the most simplistic terms. Economists have known for years that the greatest returns on governmental spending come from investment in health care and education--and the US governments do very little of either. Instead, the US government spends massive amounts of money on the military--though any decent economist knows that military spending actually has a negative effect on economic growth.
The first six years of my life--from December of 1935 until December of 1941--the US was not at war. That's the longest period of warlessness I have known in 73 years.
The US was involved in World War II from 1941-1945, and in ther Korean War from 1950-1954. In 1958 we invaded Lebanon, but only got to stay for three months; we managed to destroy all of Beirut's streets, however, and a good deal of the port facility, which we had to rebuild. In 1962 we started training CIA infiltrators into North Vietnam, and began military operations in 1964. When we got out of Vietnam in 1974, we tried a little bit of war, invading North Korean to rescue some US Navy patrol boats that had strayed into North Korean waters: that was Gerald Ford's attempt at war. In 1978-79, while our European allies were trying to arrange a peaceful end to the take-over of the US Embassy in Iran (with its 49 or 51 CIA operatives held captive), Jimmy Carter stupidly tried to invade Iran; luckily, his attempt to start a war was foiled by US military technology--our helicopters crashed in the desert before they reached Teheran. From 1981 to 1989 Ronald Reagan waged his war against Nicaragua, and actually won a little war against Grenada. In 1989 George the First made war against Panama and his former good buddy Manuel Noreiga; then in 1991 he attacked Iraq. Bill Clinton bombed Iraq right at the start of his presidency in
1993, and then sent troops to Somalia and bombed the Balkans fiercely. We had a brief lull in war-making then--our longest since the end of World War II--until George the Second invaded Irag again, and Afghanistan. President Obama doesn't seem ready to end either of those wars of aggression, so we can probably expect to continue being at war through at least 2012, probably longer.
Since 1941 the US has been at war almost constantly. But war is our way of thinking, or dealing with anything. That's all we understand. We have also had a Cold War, a War on Poverty, and a War on Terror.
After the end of World War II, military personnel went back to wearing their dress uniforms in public. They weren't allowed off their bases in combat gear. But for the current wars--Iraq II and Afghanistan--the rules have changed: military personnel always wear their combat gear in public; even the military bands marching in New Orleans' Mardi Gras parades dress in camouflage outfits and boots. That keeps us conscious of our being at war. It makes us remember who and what we are: a warrior state, always ready to shoot and bomb anybody and everybody, always eager to go to war, in need of wars to distract us from the troubles inside our own borders.
If we could quit fighting wars, our economic situation would be a lot better. We would have money to spend on health care and education, on homes for the homeless and food for the hungry. We don't need to ask the rest of the world to start spending more; we just need to quit throwing all our money away attacking other countries, starting wars, buying weapons. We need to quit being belligerent--and stupid.
Of course, a very large portion of USer spending does anything but grow the economy in any but the most simplistic terms. Economists have known for years that the greatest returns on governmental spending come from investment in health care and education--and the US governments do very little of either. Instead, the US government spends massive amounts of money on the military--though any decent economist knows that military spending actually has a negative effect on economic growth.
The first six years of my life--from December of 1935 until December of 1941--the US was not at war. That's the longest period of warlessness I have known in 73 years.
The US was involved in World War II from 1941-1945, and in ther Korean War from 1950-1954. In 1958 we invaded Lebanon, but only got to stay for three months; we managed to destroy all of Beirut's streets, however, and a good deal of the port facility, which we had to rebuild. In 1962 we started training CIA infiltrators into North Vietnam, and began military operations in 1964. When we got out of Vietnam in 1974, we tried a little bit of war, invading North Korean to rescue some US Navy patrol boats that had strayed into North Korean waters: that was Gerald Ford's attempt at war. In 1978-79, while our European allies were trying to arrange a peaceful end to the take-over of the US Embassy in Iran (with its 49 or 51 CIA operatives held captive), Jimmy Carter stupidly tried to invade Iran; luckily, his attempt to start a war was foiled by US military technology--our helicopters crashed in the desert before they reached Teheran. From 1981 to 1989 Ronald Reagan waged his war against Nicaragua, and actually won a little war against Grenada. In 1989 George the First made war against Panama and his former good buddy Manuel Noreiga; then in 1991 he attacked Iraq. Bill Clinton bombed Iraq right at the start of his presidency in
1993, and then sent troops to Somalia and bombed the Balkans fiercely. We had a brief lull in war-making then--our longest since the end of World War II--until George the Second invaded Irag again, and Afghanistan. President Obama doesn't seem ready to end either of those wars of aggression, so we can probably expect to continue being at war through at least 2012, probably longer.
Since 1941 the US has been at war almost constantly. But war is our way of thinking, or dealing with anything. That's all we understand. We have also had a Cold War, a War on Poverty, and a War on Terror.
After the end of World War II, military personnel went back to wearing their dress uniforms in public. They weren't allowed off their bases in combat gear. But for the current wars--Iraq II and Afghanistan--the rules have changed: military personnel always wear their combat gear in public; even the military bands marching in New Orleans' Mardi Gras parades dress in camouflage outfits and boots. That keeps us conscious of our being at war. It makes us remember who and what we are: a warrior state, always ready to shoot and bomb anybody and everybody, always eager to go to war, in need of wars to distract us from the troubles inside our own borders.
If we could quit fighting wars, our economic situation would be a lot better. We would have money to spend on health care and education, on homes for the homeless and food for the hungry. We don't need to ask the rest of the world to start spending more; we just need to quit throwing all our money away attacking other countries, starting wars, buying weapons. We need to quit being belligerent--and stupid.
WHERE YOUR RETIREMENT FUNDS GO
After a recent botched transaction with TIAA-CREF, which manages retirement savings for academics, I decided to complain. Looking for someone to complain to, I found Mr. Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., the president of TIAA-CREF. With him, I found his contract with TIAA-CREF, and discovered that he takes home a good bit of my money every month. So I wrote to him both about the problem I had had transferring $25,000from TIAA-CREF to my bank account and about the greater problem of his transferring $11,000,000 a year from TIAA-CREF to his bank account. The following is my letter to Mr. Ferguson.
3 April 2009
Mr. Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.
730 3rd Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Dear Mr. Ferguson,
I am an emeritus professor of English at the University of Michigan, and an emeritus professor of Humanities at Bellarmine University. I am currently teaching as an unpaid guest professor at the Universität des Saarlandes in Germany.
I am writing to you about the disastrous service I have recently received from your CREF division. Before I get to that, however, let me discuss briefly another topic.
In searching for your name and address I came across your contract with TIAA-CREF. I see that we—teachers, for the most part—are paying you $11,000,000 a year in “total compensation.” That’s a lot of money: more than any human being could possibly need, even if he were greedy and had a thousand children.
Your $1,000,000 a year salary is more than most college and university professors will earn in twenty years of dedicated work.
You will receive not less than $5,000,000 a year as a Long Term Performance Award—beginning at the end of your first year! That’s quite remarkable—and unnecessary. As it is my money that is paying you this nonsensical and offensively large this “Award” I object.
You will also receive a $5,000,000 a year Transitional Award. What is the transition you are making? From being wealthy to being obscenely, anti-socially wealthy?
I couldn’t find figures about your Retirement pay, though I am certain it will be considerably more than the retirement income of any professor who has invested in TIAA-CREF.
In a world full of poor people, homeless people, hungry people, the payment of such compensation and the acceptance of such compensation are both disgusting and immoral.
If you object to my calling you immoral for your greediness, you may explain to me why I should refrain from identifying you as such publicly. Otherwise, I will do so, to the best of my ability.
Now: to the matter about which I initially intended to write. This matter is, of course, related to the matter of your personal greed, particularly since the new TIAA-CREF sloganises itself as dedicated to “Financial Services for the Greater Good.”
On 12 March I spoke to three people—Maier, Wright, and Galvan—about transferring $25,000 of my money from CREF to my New Orleans bank. I was told the electronic transfer would take eight to ten days. (Remarkably fast electrons at TIAA-CREF; maybe you could donate a few dollars to upgrade them?)
When I telephoned TIAA-CREF on 30 March to find out why the $25,000 had not been transferred to my bank, I spoke with Gene Merchant from 5:00 p.m. to 5:28 p.m. EDT. He informed me that a check had been sent to my New Orleans address. He also noted that the order he was looking at indicated the money was supposed to be transferred to my New Orleans bank account.
He volunteered to void the check—I am currently in Germany, as I mentioned above—and have the money sent to my bank within another ten days. I said that such a slow response by TIAA-CREF to its own mistake was unacceptable.
Mr. Merchant then told me he would “escalate” the matter to the “escalation team.” Jargon. Garbage. Who got paid how much for inventing the “escalation team”?
The “escalator” assigned to me was Mr. Bob Ziegler. At 5:00 p.m. EDT on 31 March I telephoned him—he had not telephoned me, as I had been told he would—and was answered by a machine. On 1 April Mr. Ziegler telephoned me, to say that within two to three days the $25,000 transfer I had ordered on 12 March would actually be made. (More fast electrons. Maybe another contribution?)
I asked Mr. Ziegler for the address of a superior to whom I could complain. He told me I could write to Mr. Greg Ryan in Charlotte, N.C., or to Ms. Karen Green at something called strangely the “ IPS Individual Group” at “Financial Services for the Greater Good” in Denver.
I chose to write to you instead. Perhaps you can earn a few of the many dollars you are paid to teach your employees not to make mistakes, your escalators to do something better than escalate, and your electrons to work more quickly.
I don’t like incompetence—three weeks for an electronic transfer of funds--though I must note that it is much, much less offensive than greed.
Sincerely yours,
Bert G. Hornback
3 April 2009
Mr. Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.
730 3rd Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Dear Mr. Ferguson,
I am an emeritus professor of English at the University of Michigan, and an emeritus professor of Humanities at Bellarmine University. I am currently teaching as an unpaid guest professor at the Universität des Saarlandes in Germany.
I am writing to you about the disastrous service I have recently received from your CREF division. Before I get to that, however, let me discuss briefly another topic.
In searching for your name and address I came across your contract with TIAA-CREF. I see that we—teachers, for the most part—are paying you $11,000,000 a year in “total compensation.” That’s a lot of money: more than any human being could possibly need, even if he were greedy and had a thousand children.
Your $1,000,000 a year salary is more than most college and university professors will earn in twenty years of dedicated work.
You will receive not less than $5,000,000 a year as a Long Term Performance Award—beginning at the end of your first year! That’s quite remarkable—and unnecessary. As it is my money that is paying you this nonsensical and offensively large this “Award” I object.
You will also receive a $5,000,000 a year Transitional Award. What is the transition you are making? From being wealthy to being obscenely, anti-socially wealthy?
I couldn’t find figures about your Retirement pay, though I am certain it will be considerably more than the retirement income of any professor who has invested in TIAA-CREF.
In a world full of poor people, homeless people, hungry people, the payment of such compensation and the acceptance of such compensation are both disgusting and immoral.
If you object to my calling you immoral for your greediness, you may explain to me why I should refrain from identifying you as such publicly. Otherwise, I will do so, to the best of my ability.
Now: to the matter about which I initially intended to write. This matter is, of course, related to the matter of your personal greed, particularly since the new TIAA-CREF sloganises itself as dedicated to “Financial Services for the Greater Good.”
On 12 March I spoke to three people—Maier, Wright, and Galvan—about transferring $25,000 of my money from CREF to my New Orleans bank. I was told the electronic transfer would take eight to ten days. (Remarkably fast electrons at TIAA-CREF; maybe you could donate a few dollars to upgrade them?)
When I telephoned TIAA-CREF on 30 March to find out why the $25,000 had not been transferred to my bank, I spoke with Gene Merchant from 5:00 p.m. to 5:28 p.m. EDT. He informed me that a check had been sent to my New Orleans address. He also noted that the order he was looking at indicated the money was supposed to be transferred to my New Orleans bank account.
He volunteered to void the check—I am currently in Germany, as I mentioned above—and have the money sent to my bank within another ten days. I said that such a slow response by TIAA-CREF to its own mistake was unacceptable.
Mr. Merchant then told me he would “escalate” the matter to the “escalation team.” Jargon. Garbage. Who got paid how much for inventing the “escalation team”?
The “escalator” assigned to me was Mr. Bob Ziegler. At 5:00 p.m. EDT on 31 March I telephoned him—he had not telephoned me, as I had been told he would—and was answered by a machine. On 1 April Mr. Ziegler telephoned me, to say that within two to three days the $25,000 transfer I had ordered on 12 March would actually be made. (More fast electrons. Maybe another contribution?)
I asked Mr. Ziegler for the address of a superior to whom I could complain. He told me I could write to Mr. Greg Ryan in Charlotte, N.C., or to Ms. Karen Green at something called strangely the “ IPS Individual Group” at “Financial Services for the Greater Good” in Denver.
I chose to write to you instead. Perhaps you can earn a few of the many dollars you are paid to teach your employees not to make mistakes, your escalators to do something better than escalate, and your electrons to work more quickly.
I don’t like incompetence—three weeks for an electronic transfer of funds--though I must note that it is much, much less offensive than greed.
Sincerely yours,
Bert G. Hornback
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